More and more tungsten carbide factories suspend and reduce production, the market demand of tungsten powder gets weaker and weaker.

Most high grade wolframite concentrate are stopped producing, then the supply of goods is little in market, so the price difference getting bigger between wolframite concentrate and scheelite concentrates. The deal of tungsten spot market is still little, at present, stockists are reluctant to sell out, and the buyers purchase carefully, the valuable tungsten ore is almost no price, trading volume is very very low. More and more tungsten carbide factories suspend and reduce production, the market demand of tungsten powder gets weaker and weaker, the price is lack of supporting, and the later period price of medium granular tungsten carbide powder may fail to 170yuan/kg.

Long-term weak demand of tungsten, in short term, tungsten market rebound is hopeless

Trading volume of tungsten spot market is still low, limited by long-term weak demand, nowadays, the market is totally the buyers’. Many products’ quotations and deals are below everyone’s expectation, such as tungsten concentrate, APT, tungsten powder, etc. In short term, tungsten market rebound is hopeless.

Macroscopic news, China “national book” has come out, can cope with 1.5 times’ financial crisis. Our crude steel yield drops the first time for recent 20 years, the large-scale recombination of structure is imperative.

Top ten hardest materials in the world

Actually, it’s very hard to say which material is hardest in the world, it depends on the kind of intensity which we are talking about- tensile strength, shear ductility, yield strength or hardness. Because there are many definitions of intensity, this article will introduce 10 kinds of materials, analyzing their intensities from different aspects.

10. Diamond

A diamond is a transparent crystal of tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms in a covalent network lattice (sp3) that crystallizes into the diamond lattice which is a variation of the face centered cubic structure. Diamonds have been adapted for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. Most notable is its extreme hardness. It’s widely used for drill, abrasive paper, saw, etc., and can be used for cutting, grinding, polishing, and so on. Even diamond is hardest, intensity is not the biggest, and it will be pieced when you hit it with hammer.

 

09. Cobweb

Cobweb is with very high tensile strength, its bearing tension is higher than steel, and can be pulling much longer. Cobweb which with the highest intensity comes from Madagascar Caerostris darwini, it can make one of the biggest spider web in the world.

 

08. carbon/carbon composites

There are many kinds of carbon/carbon composites, and all the materials are with good intensity, for example, tungsten carbide. They can resist huge tension, and can absorb a large amount of strength before crazing. It is very light, so the kind of composite can be used for aeroengine, Space Shuttle shell and transcontinental ballistic missile cone.  

 

07. Osmium (Os )

Osmium (from Greek osme (ὀσμή) meaning "smell") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 g/cm3. Its alloys with platinum, iridium, and other platinum group metals are employed in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and other applications where extreme durability and hardness are needed.

 

06. Maraging steel

Maraging steels (a portmanteau of "martensitic" and "aging") are steels (iron alloys) that are known for possessing superior strength and toughness without losing malleability, it can be used in aerospace, die and other aspects. Maraging means the aging of martensite, hard tissue usually appears in steel.

 

05. Metallic glass

Metallic glass is made from palladium microalloy, its chemical structure can neutralize inherent grass fragility while keeping its hardness. Low density, and lighter than steel, similar to Al and Ti.

 

04. Wurtzite boron nitride

Wurtzite boron nitride has similar structure with diamond, but diamond is formed by carton which under high pressure for a certain period, wurtzite boron nitride is formed under high pressure and high temperature when volcano erupting, its hardness is 18% higher than diamond’s. Similar to diamond, wurtzite boron nitride is employed in cutting tool and other areas which extreme hardness is needed.

 

03. Hexagonal diamond

Hexagonal diamond is maybe the hardest material in natural. It is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice. In nature, it forms when meteorites containing graphite strike the Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact transforms the graphite into diamond, but retains graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice. Hexagonal diamond’s hardness is 58% higher than diamond’s.

 

02. Graphene

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon in the form of a two-dimensional, atomic-scale, hexagonal lattice in which one atom forms each vertex. It is about 200 times stronger than steel by weight, conducts heat and electricity with great efficiency and is nearly transparent. Researchers have identified the bipolar transistor effect, ballistic transport of charges and large quantum oscillations in the material.

 

01.   Carbyne polysulfide

Even carbyne polysulfide is just a string of a single atom, tensile strength of it is double of its precursor – graphene. tensible rigidity is 3 times of diamond, it’s very stable under room temperature, it can form a predictable crosslinking with other chains when they are stored together. Simple structure, but its hardness is 200 times of steel’s. 

Principle and application of plasma spraying

What’s plasma spraying?

In the high temperature surface process technology, when some gas (such as Nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium and so on) produces plasma thought compressive arc, The energy of the plasma arc concentrated temperature is very high, its flame flow temperature above ten thousand degrees Celsius, it can melt all solid engineering material. This is plasma spraying.

In plasma spraying process, the material to be deposited— typically as a powder, sometimes as a liquid, suspension or wire — is introduced into the plasma jet, emanating from a plasma torch. In the jet, where the temperature is on the order of 10,000 K, the material is melted and propelled towards a substrate.

Applications:

Surface of Traction equipment

The roll surface

Most classical thermal spraying

This technique is mostly used to produce coatings on structural materials. Such coatings provide protection against high temperatures (for example thermal barrier coatings for exhaust heat management), corrosion, erosion, wear; they can also change the appearance, electrical or tribological properties of the surface, replace worn material, etc.

It can also be used for spray powder processing (spheroidization, homogenization, modification of chemistry, etc.).This technique with variation may also be used to create porous structures, suitable for bone ingrowth, as a coating for medical implants.

The initial parameters of plasma system should be carefully set, then the spraying gun can run continuously for several hours under standard condition. Plasma spraying is better than arc or oxygen flame spraying with lower oxygen content and porosity.

What is self-molten alloy?

Self-molten alloy is one kind of alloy which has a lower melting point, deoxidizing and slagging on its own in melting process and can “wetting” base material surface then metallurgical bonding. It can form high hardness of the dispersion strengthening phase in solid solution after the alloy solidification, increasing the strength and hardness of alloy.

Nowadays, most self-molten alloys are made from Fe, Ni, cobalt-based alloys, and add appropriate amount of B and Si elements. After the adding of B and Si, the coating can be Heated to above 1000 ℃, reaching the molten state, combining with matrix , eliminating porosity of the coating, fully embodying the superior performance of coating material. 

The remelting of (Wc Co thermal spray powder or others) coating can be heated by flame, high frequency induction and vacuum oven, what we should pay attention to is that deformation and the changing of matrix organization is inevitably because the heating temperature above 1000 ℃.

Excellent-performance tungsten powder for tungsten carbide manufacturing

Tungsten carbide power is an excellent- performance materials which made from tungsten and carbon, it is prominently featured with the same hardness with diamond and high toughness when mixed with appropriate metal blinder. So, tungsten carbide powder is mainly cemented carbide powder for tungsten carbide manufacturing, applied to many industrial tools and wear-resistant parts making, meeting various performance requirements needs of the end users.

There are two reasons why mining conditions become more and more difficult, one is the growth of global demands for raw materials with each passing day, and the other one is the available mineral resources decreasing at the same speed. Excellent-performance tungsten carbide powder can be used for many technological processes, for example, drilling and milling for modern construction with metal materials efficiently and reliably.

Diamond bit for development and drilling of oil gas is also made from tungsten carbide powder, doing highly impactive and abrasive working under the condition of high temperature corrosion, theses drills must keep excellent reliability. The tungsten carbide tools are more popular than others because of its low costs and high benefits. Tungsten carbide power can longer the productions’ service life significantly, reducing the cost of equipment machine halt and replacement efficiently, then creating an operation environment which with low consumption cycle and low parts replacing frequency.

Production methods of thermal spraying ceramic coating materials

Ceramic materials are brittle, basically preparation of coating with thermal spraying technique in powder form, mechanical process and physical-chemical process are the two main ways to preparation of thermal spraying ceramic coating powder materials. Mechanical process includes crushing method，atomization method, mixing method, mechanical Alloying and so on, and physical-chemical process contains bonding process, chemical reduction method, pyrolysis method, quench method, combustion method etc. . liquidity and shape pf powder, apparent density, sedimentation efficiency and other wholesomeness are affected by the preparation way of ceramic powder, so it’s have great influence on thermal spraying process performance.

Except powder form of thermal spraying powder ceramic coating materials, the other form is composite wire which contains ceramic particles, it mainly includes filling composite wires and flexible composite wires. The former is made of mixing, heating, squeezing of ceramic powder and seldom adhesives. Common coating metal materials of Metal filling materials composite wire are Ni, Cu, Al, steel, stainless steel and so on,  common ceramic particles are WC, Al2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3 etc.

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